The following texts come from the Dunhuang manuscripts. All of them survive in manuscript form from a relatively narrow period of time frame, i.e. the second half of the 9th and the whole 10th century. The documents are related to she \u793e associations, that is, local societies formed by lay groups of people in Dunhuang. There are several types of documents, and here I have chosen a sample from each of the main categories. By far the most numerous among them are the circulars (shesi zhuantie \u793e\u53f8\u8f49\u5e16) sent out by the headquarters of the association, inviting members to a meeting to celebrate the new year or to discuss a specific affair. Then there are also bylaws (shetiao \u793e\u689d) which record the rules of a particular association. In addition, there are various applications and notices related to the operation of associations, and we will also look at samples of these. The texts in many cases represent the original documents created in the course of managing the associations, yet some of them seem to be duplicates copied for the sake of writing practice. Obviously, when using the documents for historical research, it is important to distinguish between originals and copies and thus we should be able to identify both of these in the manuscripts.<\/p>\n
The associations in Dunhuang were governed by the Three Officers (sanguan \u4e09\u5b98), i.e. the President (shezhang \u793e\u9577), the Manager (sheguan \u793e\u5b98) and the Secretary (lushi \u9304\u4e8b). In some cases an officer bearing the title Elder (shelao \u793e\u8001) is also identified. As far as we know, the she in Dunhuang did not have names. Even if they had a charter that laid down the rules and principles of association, and thus made the she function as a legal entity, they seemed to have no names to distinguish them from other she. The circulars dispatched by the management were only sent to members of that particular she and thus there was no need to specify which association was meant\u2014perhaps it was the list of recipients that identified the she. Instead, the circulars from Dunhuang often indicate the type of people who joined into a she (e.g. irrigation channel managers) and thus distinguish the different types of associations.<\/p>\n
In many cases the documents are followed by the list of members of the association, typically 10\u201320 individuals but in some cases fifty or even more. Far from being a dry list attached to a document, the names in themselves are very interesting as they may provide information about the ethnicity or age of members, or their relationship to each other.<\/p>\n
The first text is an application for withdrawing from an association; the second and third are samples of circulars sent out to members; and the fourth is a document renewing the bylaws of a female association. Finally the fifth document is an adoption contract which is not directly related to the she associations but is a good example for the types of documents used by inhabitants of Dunhuang in their daily life.<\/p>\n
Punctuation is added here for the sake of convenience, although the originals are obviously unpunctuated. Simplified and other non-standard character variants have been changed to their standard forms. Each text presented here comes from a specific manuscript, images of which can be easily accessed using their pressmark through the IDP (http:\/\/idp.bl.uk) and Gallica (http:\/\/gallica.bnf.fr) websites.<\/p>\n
1. Application for withdrawal from an association (S.5698; The British Library)<\/p>\n
\u7678\u9149\u5e74\u4e09\u6708\u5341\u4e5d\u65e5\uff0c\u793e\u6236\u7f85\u795e\u5974\u53ca\u7537\u6587\u82f1\u3001\u7fa9\u5b50\u4e09\u4eba\uff0c\u70ba\u7de3\u5bb6\u8ca7\u95d5\u4e4f\uff0c\u7a2e\u7a2e\u4e0d\u54e1\ufe59\u5713\ufe5a\uff0c\u795e\u5974\u7b49\u4e09\u4eba\uff0c\u6578\u4ef6\u8ffd\u9010\u4e0d\u5f97\u3002\u4f0f\u8a16\ufe59\u4e5e\ufe5a\u4e09\u5b98\u773e\u793e\u8cdc\u4ee5\u689d\u5167\u9664\u540d\uff0c\u653e\u514d\u5bec\u9591\u3002\u5176\u4e09\u5b98\u77e5\u773e\u793e\u5546\u91cf\uff0c\u7de3\u662f\u8ca7\u7aae\u4e0d\u6fdf\uff0c\u653e\u537b\u795e\u5974\u3002\u5bec\u514d\u5f8c\uff0c\u82e5\u795e\u5974\u53ca\u7537\u4e09\u4eba\u5bb6\u5167\u6240\u6709\u6b7b\u751f\uff0c\u4e0d\u95dc\u773e\u793e\u3002<\/p>\n
2. Accociation circular (S.1453; The British Library)<\/p>\n
\u793e\u53f8\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u8f49\u5e16
\n\u53f3\u7de3\u5e74\u652f\u5ea7\u793e\u5c40\u5e2d\uff0c\u5e78\u8acb\u8af8\u516c\u7b49\uff0c\u5e16\u81f3\uff0c\u4e26\u9650\u4eca\u6708\u5341\u65e5\uff0c\u65bc\u7bc0\u52a0\u862d\u82e5\u9580\u524d\u53d6\ufe59\u805a\ufe5a\u3002\u5982\u53f3\ufe59\u6709\ufe5a\u65bc\u6642\u4e0d\u5230\u8005\uff0c\u7f70\u9152\u58f9\u89d2\u3002\u5168\u4e0d\u5230\u8005\uff0c\u7f70\u534a\u74ee\u3002\u5176\u5e16\u901f\u905e\u76f8\u5206\u4ed8\uff0c\u4e0d\u5f97\u505c\u5e36\ufe59\u6eef\ufe5a\u3002\u5982\u5e36\ufe59\u6eef\ufe5a\u5e16\u8005\uff0c\u51c6\u689d\u79d1\u7f70\u3002\u5e16\u5468\uff0c\u537b\u4ed8\u672c\u53f8\uff0c\u7528\u544a\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5149\u555f\u4e8c\u5e74\u4e19\u5348\u6b72\u5341\u65e5\uff0c\u9304\ufe59\u4e8b\ufe5a\u5f35\u6b3a\u3002<\/p>\n
\u793e\u5b98\u6881\u518d\u665f\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u793e\u9577\u5f35\u5f01\u3005\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u5f35\u72ac\u5152\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u6881\u72d7\u3005\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u9127\u8d0a\u25a1
\n\u738b\u518d\u665f\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u738b\u548c\u5974\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u738b\u50cf\u5974\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u5b89\u4f2f\ufe59\u798f\ufe56\ufe5a\u5fe0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u9673\u8208\u665f<\/p>\n
3. Association circular (Pt.1102)<\/p>\n
\u793e\u53f8\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 \u8f49\u5e16
\n\u53f3\u7de3\u7d22\u6176\u6176\u8eab\u4ea1\uff0c\u51c6\u689d\u5408\u6709\u8d08\u9001\uff0c\u5404\u8457\u9eb5\u4e00\u6597\uff0c\u7c9f\u4e00\u6597\uff0c\u8272\u7269\u534a\u758b\u3002\u5e16\u81f3\uff0c\u4e26\u9650\u4eca\u6708\u5eff\u4e8c\u65e5\u536f\u6642\uff0c\u65bc\u793e\u5b98\u5bb6\u9001\u7d0d\u8db3\u3002\u5982\u9055\u6642\uff0c\u6b20\u5c11\u4e00\u8272\uff0c\u7f70\u9152\u4e00\u89d2\uff0c\u5176\u5e16\u901f\u905e\uff0c\u76f8\u5206\u4ed8\uff0c\u4e0d\u5f97\u505c\u7559\u3002\u5982\u6709\u505c\u533f\u5e16\u8005\uff0c\u51c6\u524d\u7f70\uff0c\u5e16\u5468\uff0c\u537b\u8d74\u672c\u53f8\uff0c\u7528\u6191\u544a\u7f70\u3002<\/p>\n
\u7533\u5e74\u4e8c\u6708\u5eff\u65e5\u9304\u4e8b\u5e16\u8aee<\/p>\n
\u793e\u5b98\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u675c\u95bb\u5b50\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u675c\u502b\u5b50\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u675c\u5b89\u5b50\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u6bb5\u6607\u5b50\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u674e\u5fb7\u5b50
\n\u675c\u25a1\u25a1\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u675c\u61c9\u5152\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u66f9\u830d\u830d\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u675c\u50cf\u5974\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u675c\u518d\u665f
\n\u5e38\u9ed1\u5b50\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u5e38\u541b\u5b50\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u6bb5\u5c0f\u9054\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u675c\u5bb6\u963f\u5a46<\/p>\n
4. Bylaws of a female association (S.527; The British Library)<\/p>\n
\u986f\u5fb7\u516d\u5e74\u5df1\u672a\u6b72\u6b63\u6708\u4e09\u65e5\uff0c\u5973\u4eba\u793e\u56e0\u8332\u65b0\u6b72\u521d\u4f86\uff0c\u5404\u767c\u597d\u610f\uff0c\u518d\u7acb\u689d\u4ef6\u3002
\n\u84cb\u805e\u81f3\u57ce\ufe59\u8aa0\ufe5a\u7acb\u793e\uff0c\u6709\u689d\u6709\u683c\uff0c\u592b\u9091\u5100\ufe59\u7fa9\ufe5a\u8005\uff0c\u7236\u6bcd\u751f\u5176\u8eab\uff0c\u670b\u53cb\u9577\u5176\u503c\uff0c\u9047\u5371\u5247\u76f8\u6276\uff0c\u96e3\u5247\u76f8\u6551\uff0c\u8207\u670b\u53cb\u4ea4\uff0c\u8a00\u5982\u4fe1\uff0c\u7d50\u4ea4\u670b\u53cb\uff0c\u4e16\u8a9e\u76f8\u7e8c\uff0c\u5927\u8005\u82e5\u59ca\uff0c\u5c0f\u8005\u82e5\u59b9\uff0c\u8b93\u8a9e\u5148\u767b\uff0c\u7acb\u689d\u4ef6\u8207\u5f8c\uff0c\u5c71\u6cb3\u70ba\u8a93\uff0c\u4e2d(\u5fe0)\u4e0d\u76f8\u9055\u3002
\n\u4e00\u3001\u793e\u5167\u69ae\u51f6\u9042\ufe59\u9010\ufe5a\u5409\uff0c\u89aa\u75db\u4e4b\u540d\uff0c\u4fbf\u65bc\u793e\u683c\uff0c\u4eba\u5404\u6cb9\u58f9\u5408\u3001\u767d\u9eb5\u58f9\u65a4\u3001\u7c9f\u58f9\u6597\u3001\u4fbf\u9808\u9a45\u9a45\uff0c\u6fdf\u9020\u98df\u98ef\u53ca\u9152\u8005\u3002\u82e5\u672c\u8eab\u6b7b\u4ea1\u8005\uff0c\u4ef0\u773e\u793e\u84cb\u767d\u803d\ufe59\u64d4\ufe56\ufe5a\u62fd\uff0c\u4fbf\u9001\u8d08\u4f8b\u540c\u524d\u4e00\u822c\uff0c\u5176\u4e3b\u4eba\u770b\u4f8d\uff0c\u4e0d\u8aeb\u539a\u8584\u8f15\u91cd\uff0c\u4ea6\u7121\u7f70\u8cac\u3002
\n\u4e00\u3001\u793e\u5167\u6b63\u6708\u5efa\u798f\u4e00\u65e5\uff0c\u4eba\u5404\u7a05\u7c9f\u58f9\u6597\u3001\u71c8\u6cb9\u58f9\u76de\uff0c\u812b\u5854\u5370\u7802\uff0c\u4e00\u5247\u5831\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u541b\u738b\u6069\u6cf0\uff0c \u4e8c\u4e43\u4ee5\u7236\u6bcd\u4f5c\u798f\u3002\u6216\u6709\u793e\u5167\uff0c\u4e0d\u8aeb(\u63c0)\u5927\u5c0f\uff0c\u7121\u683c\u5728\u5e2d\u4e0a\u55a7\u62f3\uff0c\u4e0d\u807d\u4e0a\u4eba\u8a00\u6559\u8005\uff0c\u4fbf\u4ef0\u773e\u793e\uff0c\u5c31\u9580\u7f70\u91b4\u81a9\u4e00\u7b75\uff0c\u773e\u793e\u7834\u7528\u3002\u82e5\u8981\u51fa\u793e\u4e4b\u8005\uff0c\u5404\u4eba\u6c7a\u6756\u4e09\u68d2\uff0c\u5f8c\u7f70\u91b4\u5c40\u5e2d\u4e00\u7b75\uff0c\u7684\u7121\u514d\u8005\u3002\u793e\u4eba\u540d\u76ee\u8acb\u5be6\u5982\u5f8c\ufe55
\n\u793e\u5b98\u5c3c\u529f\u5fb7\u9032
\n\u793e\u9577\u4faf\u5bcc\u5b50
\n\u9304\u4e8b\u5370\u5b9a\u78e8\u67f4\u5bb6\u59c6
\n\u793e\u8001\u5973\u5b50
\n\u793e\u4eba\u5f35\u5bb6\u5bcc\u5b50
\n\u793e\u4eba\u6e26\u5b50
\n\u793e\u4eba\u674e\u5ef6\u5fb7
\n\u793e\u4eba\u5433\u5bcc\u5b50
\n\u793e\u4eba\u6bb5\u5b50
\n\u793e\u4eba\u5bcc\u52dd
\n\u793e\u4eba\u610f\u5b9a
\n\u793e\u4eba\u5584\u5bcc
\n\u793e\u4eba\u71d2\u963f\u6735
\n\u793e\u4eba\u5bcc\u9023
\n\u793e\u4eba\u4f4f\u9023
\n\u53f3\u901a\u524d\u4ef6\u689d\u6d41\uff0c\u4e00\u4e00\u4e01\u5be7\uff0c\u5982\u6c34\u5982\u9b5a\uff0c\u4e0d\u5f97\u9053\u8aaa\u4e8b\u975e\uff0c\u66f4\u4e0d\u65bc\u9858\u8005\uff0c\u5c71\u6cb3\u70ba\u8a93\uff0c\u65e5\u6708\u8b49\u77e5\u3002\u6050\u4eba\u7121\u65b0\uff0c\u6545\u52d2\u6b64\u689d\uff0c\u7528\u5f8c\u8a18\u8033\u3002<\/p>\n
5. Adoption contract (\u0414x.12012; Institute of Oriental Manuscripts, St. Petersburg)<\/p>\n
\u6566\u714c\u9109\u767e\u59d3\u4f55\u4fdd\u5713\u7537\u9032\u6210\uff0c\u5e74\u4e03\u6b72\u3002\u6642\u6e05\u6cf0\u8cb3\u5e74\u4e59\u672a\u6b72\u6b63\u6708\u58f9\u65e5\uff0c\u8205\u59d3\u5f35\u5bcc\u6df1\u70ba\u5148\u56e0\u798f\u5c11\uff0c\u7a2e\u679c\u4e0d\u5713\uff0c\u611f\u5f97\u5b64\u7368\u4e00\u8eab\uff0c\u5168\u7121\u5f71\u80cc\u3002\u5c0f\u6642\u81ea\u5bb6\u61c7\u82e6\uff0c\u8863\u98df\u96a8\u6642\uff0c\u5ffd\u81f3\u75c5\u75be\uff0c\u8001\u982d\u751a\u8655\uff0c\u5f97\u4eba\u4f8d\u990a\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u5c0b\u79c1\u7a7a\u672c\uff0c\u60c5\u610f\u4e0d\u5b89\u3002\u4e94\u89aa\u5546\u91cf\uff0c\u990a\u5916\u5b6b\u9032\u6210\u70ba\u7537\uff0c\u5f35\u5bcc\u6df1\u66f4\u7121\u8cb3\u610f\u3002\u61c9\u6709\u838a\u7530\u3001\u5c4b\u820d\u3001\u5bb6\u8cc7\u6d3b\u5177\uff0c\u4e00\u7269\u5df2\u4e0a\uff0c\u5206\u4ed8\u990a\u7537\u3002\u6c5d\u5f9e\u5df2\u5f8c\uff0c\u606d\u8b39\u516d\u89aa\uff0c\u6eab\u548c\u96a3\u91cc\uff0c\u4e0a\u4ea4\u4e0b\u63a5\uff0c\u83ab\u5931\u5112\u98a8\uff0c\u61c7\u82e6\u529b\u7530\uff0c\u61c3\u8015\u8003\u591c\uff0c\u7dca\u628a\u57fa\u672c\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0a\u52a0\u6dfb\u3002\u7701\u6e4e\u975e\u884c\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u5831\u543e\u5fc3\u9858\uff0c\u4e0d\u8a31\u9591\u4eba\u69cb\u6247\uff0c\u8179\u5fc3\u7570\u610f[… text deleted from manuscript…]<\/p>\n
\u543e\u82e5\u5f8c\u66f4\u6709\u7537\u5973\u51fa\u8005\uff0c\u91dd\u8349\u4ead\u652f\uff0c\u5ffd\u82e5\u4e0d\u76e1\u543e\u767e\u5e74\uff0c\u5de6\u5357\u76f4\u5317\uff0c\u4fbf\u62db\u4e94\u9006\u4e4b\u7f6a\uff0c\u7a7a\u624b\u8d81\u51fa\u9580\u5916\u3002\u5169\u5171\u5c0d\u9762\u53ca\u8af8\u89aa\u59fb\uff0c\u518d\u4e09\u5546\u91cf\u70ba\u5b9a\u3002\u51c6\u6cd5\u4e0d\u6094\uff0c\u5982\u5148\u6094\u8005\uff0c\u7f70\u4e0a\u99ac\u4e00\u758b\uff0c\u5145\u5165\u4e0d\u6094\u4eba\u3002\u6050\u4eba\u7121\u4fe1\uff0c\u6545\u52d2\u65af\u5951\uff0c\u7528\u70ba\u5f8c\u6191\uff0c\u9240\u5b57\u70ba\u8a18\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
The following texts come from the Dunhuang manuscripts. All of them survive in manuscript form from a relatively narrow period of time frame, i.e. the second half of the 9th and the whole 10th century. The documents are related to she \u793e associations, that is, local societies formed by lay groups of people in Dunhuang. … Continuer la lecture de Dunhuang Documents on She (Galambos)<\/span>